Archive for the ‘Communication’ Category

Is China stuck in ‘cultural isolation’?

Friday, January 1st, 2010

by Yu Qiuyu / GT

Why Chinese culture is not as alluring as it ought to be

I once heard an American musician who was friendly toward China say, “Every westerner who comes to China for the first time will be shocked at how many misconceptions they had before they came. Perhaps your propaganda methods have created a kind of cultural isolation.”

To call it “cultural isolation” is obviously going too far, since there are few people in the world who deny the grand history of Chinese culture, and few people reject Chinese material or food culture. At present, a “China fever” is gradually rising. However, it cannot be denied that in the case of the Chinese cultural mainstream being understood abroad, despite a certain improvement over the past few years in rejecting habits like “leftist” extremes and arrogant, one-way indoctrination, there nonetheless still exist serious problems. Internationally, our cultural dialogue overall is still stuck in a situation that is hard to accept.

Is this because of political bias? It actually is not – take the two World Expos that China has attended for example: at Hanover, Germany, in 2001, in a public opinion survey taken before the opening ceremony, China’s exhibit ranked second on the list of “exhibits you most want to visit.” So where then is the problem?

I visited the China exhibit at the Hanover Expo. What struck me most were the photographs of the Great Wall and Peking Opera masks, as well as some backlit photos of famous Chinese vistas. After that it was a smallish model of the Three Gorges, a conceptual model of a Chinese person on the moon, and finally a model of the human body labeled with acupuncture points next to some Chinese medicine. Out of all of the foreign audience who lined up to come in, few lingered at any one spot; most of them walked quickly through in a few minutes and then left.

The China exhibit at the 2005 World Expo in Aichi, Japan, obviously took a lot of work, but conceptually there was little change. At that time, there was a computer screen at the main entrance that displayed how long you would have to wait at particular moment to enter any country’s exhibit. That screen essentially became a competition board for the attractiveness of each country’s culture; for example, France was three hours, Korea three-and-a-half hours, Japan four hours. But at the entrance to China’s exhibit you hardly had to wait at all.  (more…)

Recasting in Language Learning

Wednesday, December 2nd, 2009

If you’re a language teacher, you’re probably quite familiar with the concept of recasting, even if you don’t know the name. And if you’re a language learner, being aware of recasting can help you learn faster. So what is recasting?

Fukuya and Zhang define a recast as “implicit corrective feedback.” Another definition of “recast” given by Han Ye in a presentation at theACTFL 2008 conference was “a native speaker’s corrective reformulation of a student’s utterance.”

It’s not very complicated in practice. Here’s a simple example:

Student: I want read.

Teacher: Oh, you want to read?

In the above example, the English teacher communicates with the student (using a question to confirm what the student had said), while at the same time making a correction (adding “to”). The teacher may or may not choose to emphasize the correction.

Here’s a slightly more subtle example:

Student: I want read.

Teacher: What do you want to read?

In this example, while you could identify a correction in the teacher’s question, the focus is more on communication and less on correcting the mistake.

Recasts don’t have to be questions, and they can be focused on pronunciation, on grammar, on vocabulary… but they always carry with them some degree of ambiguity, because recasts are not overt corrections, and some degree of repetition is a natural part of normal speech. Will the student pick up on the correction, or will the conversation just keep moving along? (Does it even matter what the student consciously notices his mistakes?)

I believe that much of my own success in acquiring Chinese has been due to (1) getting lots of practice with native speakers, and (2) being receptive to recasts.

Here’s a typical example of an exchange that might occur (in Chinese), with a string of letters representing the focal language point:

Learner: Abcde.

Native speaker: What?

Learner: Abcde.

Native speaker: Ohhh… AbcDe!

Learner: Yes, Abcde.

The native speaker’s second utterance above was a recast, but as we see in the last line of the exchange, the learner didn’t get it. Yes, the recast was almost imperceptibly different from what the learner said originally, but recasts tend to be that way (from the learner’s perspective)… especially when they involve tones. As a learner, when you become more sensitive to recasts, you’ll hear them all the time.

Think about it… some people will pay big bucks to a teacher in order to obtain explicit corrective feedback. In actuality, though, if that person is in a second language environment, he is probably getting corrective feedback all the time in the form of recasts and not even knowing it. Recasts are great because they don’t impede the flow of information and they’re usually not an embarrassing form of correction. They’re also great because you don’t get them if you don’t get out there and talk to native speakers. They’re a positive side effect of speaking practice. As a learner, recasts are your friend.

Ten Tips for Cross Cultural Communication

Monday, September 21st, 2009

Cross cultural communication can be a tricky business. These basic tips can go a long way in minimizing misunderstandings and maximizing your cross cultural communication skills….

Here are some simple tips to help you improve your cross cultural communication skills:

Slow Down

Even when English is the common language in a cross cultural situation, this does not mean you should speak at normal speed. Slow down, speak clearly and ensure your pronunciation is intelligible.

Separate Questions

Try not to ask double questions such as, “Do you want to carry on or shall we stop here?” In a cross cultural situation only the first or second question may have been comprehended. Let your listener answer one question at a time.

Avoid Negative Questions

Many cross cultural communication misunderstandings have been caused by the use of negative questions and answers. In English we answer ‘yes’ if the answer is affirmative and ‘no’ if it is negative. In other cultures a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ may only be indicating whether the questioner is right or wrong. For example, the response to “Are you not coming?” may be ‘yes’, meaning ‘Yes, I am not coming.’

Take Turns

Cross cultural communication is enhanced through taking turns to talk, making a point and then listening to the response. (more…)

Faculty Lecture

Thursday, May 21st, 2009

I was privileged to give a lecture for the Foreign Languages Department and International Exchange Department at the Hunan Institute of Science & Technology ( 湖南理工学院 ) on Wednesday, May 20th.

My topic was “Cross-Cultural Communication: Communicating Effectively in a Culturally Diverse Environment” ( 跨文化交际 ).

cross-cultural-communicatio

If you’d like to see my powerpoint slides, download them here.

Did You Know?

Sunday, December 7th, 2008

If you are “one in a million” in China…  there are 1,300 other people just like you!

 

So, what does it all mean?  For education?  For cross-cultural communication?

I’m not sure, but to me, it’s exciting!

Communication and Context

Monday, July 21st, 2008

Communication and Context

A sender’s meaning is so connected to the context in which communication is happening that it must be taken seriously. Some examples of context items are as follows:

  • Sentences which surround a phrase;
  • Occasion when a specific type of speech is delivered;
  • Place and time a conversation is held

Illustration:
“The pitcher was hit very hard; two men died on base; murder the umpire; we were robbed; and the scalpers had a field day today.”

Each of these statements, taken out of the context of a baseball game would be frightening and likely not be a place people would want to go.

Successful Cross-Cultural Communication

Monday, July 14th, 2008

In order to succeed, communication of any sort requires full interaction between the linguistic, political, economic, social, psychological, religious, national, racial, and many other existential ingredients. Every message is “encoded” and “decoded” around seven main areas of human experience.

Seven Areas Involved in Successful Cross-Cultural Communication

  1. Ways of Perceiving the World: The World View
  2. Ways of Thinking: The Cognitive Process
  3. Ways of Expressing Ideas: The Linguistic Form
  4. Ways of Acting: The Behavioral Patterns
  5. Ways of Channeling Communication: The Media
  6. Ways of Interacting: The Social Structures
  7. Ways of Deciding: The Motivational Dimension

I have attempted (in previous blog posts) to describe these seven factors or areas involved in any attempt at Successful Cross-Cultural Communication.  Feel free to go back into the archives and read / comment on any of the areas that interest you.

The Motivational Dimension – Successful Cross-Cultural Communication

Monday, July 7th, 2008

Ways of Deciding: The Motivational Dimension

Every message is “encoded” and “decoded” around seven main areas of human experience. Let’s look at “The motivational dimension” which involves peoples decision making and what fuels it.

Decision making processes affect the actions which result from cross-cultural messages.

Asian peoples (primarily those influenced by Confucianism) will decide one day on a course of action or business focus and just as easily reverse himself the next day. Confucius said men should not live with single preconceived course of action. What seemed wise today may seem foolish tomorrow.

Feel free to comment on this post with any points / counter-points, questions, or illustrations.

The Social Structures – Successful Cross-Cultural Communication

Monday, June 30th, 2008

Ways of Interacting: The Social Structures

Every message is “encoded” and “decoded” around seven main areas of human experience. Let’s look at “The Social Structures” which are the ways that people interact socially.

People function with rules which govern who talks to whom, when, and how.

This element is compounded by the issues of primitive, transitional, or urban settings and how each of these affect the cultural cohesion of a given society.

For example, in Malaysia two candidates for a political office ran very different campaigns: one was Western in his approach and “took the message to the people.” The other candidate did little public campaigning and focused on influencing the cultural leaders or opinion makers. The latter candidate won.

Feel free to comment on this post with any points / counter-points, questions, or illustrations.

The Media – Successful Cross-Cultural Communication

Monday, June 23rd, 2008

Ways of Channeling Communication: The Media

Every message is “encoded” and “decoded” around seven main areas of human experience. Let’s look at “The Media” which is how communication is channeled or is carried between the transmitter and the receiver.

A medium of communication is “the means by which messages in the forms of verbal and non-verbal codes are conveyed to respondents.”

Simple media are things like diagrams, models, mimes, conversation, speeches, gestures, etc.

Syndetic media refer to books, films, radio, video, TV, drama, the Internet, etc. because these require “multiple communication skills and combine simple media, usually with the objective of effectively conveying a message to a wider audience.”

Cross-Cultural communicators must divest themselves of the notion that reception of the information is the same everywhere irrespective of the medium used to relay the message. The medium does affect perception of the message and must be chosen carefully.

Technological tools (hardware) for conveying the message are not neutral. They also affect the way the message is received.

Feel free to comment on this post with any points / counter-points, questions, or illustrations.